دستگاه خودکار (اتوماتیک) و تعادل
  •   آرشیو : زمستان 1403
  •   کد پذیرش : 20051
  •   موضوع : تعادل اجتماعی
  • نویسنده/گان : | مترجم: سجاد سربلوکی
  •   زبان : فارسی
  •   نوع مقاله : مروری
  •   چکیده مقاله به فارسی : کتاب راهنمای راتلج در مورد علومِ جوامع اسلامی تحت نظارت و ویراستاریِ نویسنده شهیر آلمانی سونیا برنتیس گردآوری و در سال 2022 میلادی چاپ‌شده است. این کتاب نوعی پژوهش جامع درزمینه علوم در سده‌های ۸ تا ۱۹ میلادی جهان اسلام را ارائه می‌کند. در این کتاب گروهی از نویسندگان متخصص، در شش بخش، زمینه‌های مختلفِ سنت‌های فکری و علمی بخش وسیعی از جوامع اسلامی در غالب نهادهایی همچون دادگاه‌، مدرسه، بیمارستان و رصدخانه و حتی نهادهای ترغیب‌کننده فعالیت‌های علمی ازجمله هنر و صنایع‌دستی را تحلیل می‌کنند. در این کتاب جدا از تحلیل شیوه‌های علمی مسلمانان، به شیوه‌های علمی اقلیت‌های غیرمسلمان در محدوده جهان اسلام نیز پرداخته‌شده است که می‌تواند منبع ارزشمندی برای علاقه‌مندان تاریخ علم و اندیشه، تاریخ اجتماعی و فرهنگی، مطالعات اسلامی جوامع خاورمیانه و آفریقا و اروپا و جنوب شرق آسیا باشد. با توجه به اهمیت علوم عملی و فناوری در دوره شکوفایی اسلامی، مقاله تحت عنوان «اتوماتیک و تعادل» (بخش 1.9 صص 113-129) از کتاب راهنمای راتلج در مورد علوم در جوامع اسلامی را برای ترجمه انتخاب نمودم تا در اختیار علاقه‌مندان به فناوری دوره اسلامی قرار گیرد.
  •   لیست منابع : 1) Anonymus. tr. al-Qaddūmī, G. al-Ḥijjāwī. 1996. Book of Gifts and Rarities – Kitāb al-hadāyā wa-l- tuḥaf. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    2) Banū Mūsā. ed. tr. and ann. Hauser, F. 1922. Über das kitāb al-ḥijal (Das Werk über die sinnreichen Anordnungen) der Banū Mūsā. Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Medizin 1. Erlangen: Mencke.
    3) Banū Mūsā. ed. al-Hassan, A. Y. 1981. Kitāb al-Ḥiyal. “The Book of Ingenious Devices” by the Banū (sons of) Mūsā bin Shākir. Aleppo: Institute for the History of Arabic Science.
    4) al-Bayhaqī, Ẓahīr al-Dīn. ed. Kurd ʿAlī, M. 1988 [1946]. Tārīkh ḥukamāʾ al-islām [History of the Wise Men of Islam]. Damascus: Majmaʿ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya.
    5) Carra de Vaux, B. 1903. “Le livre des appareils pneumatiques et des machines hydrauliques, par Philon de Byzance, édité d’après les versions arabes d’Oxford et de Constantinople et traduit en français,” Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale et autres bibliothèques 38: 27–235.
    6) Clavijo. tr. Le Strange, G. 1928. Embassy to Tamerlane 1403–1406. London: Routledge. al-Dimashqī, Shams al-Dīn. ed. Mehren, A. F., ed. 1866. Cosmographie de Chems-ed-Din Abou Abdallah Mohammed ed- Dimichqui (texte arabe). Saint Petersburg: Eggers et al.
    7) al-Dimashqī, Shams al-Dīn. tr. Mehren, A. F., ed. 1874. Manuel de la cosmographie du moyen âge, traduit de l’arabe. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel, Paris: E. Leroux, Leipzig: F. Brockhaus. 127 Canavas
    8) Hero of Alexandria. ed. and tr. Carra de Vaux, B., Hill, D. R. and Drachmann, A. G. 1894–1988. Les Mécaniques ou l’élévateur des corps lourds. Arab text by Qusṭā Ibn Lūqā. Paris: Les Belles Lettres (Reprint of the editio princeps with French translation published in the Journal Asiatique 1893).
    9) al-Isfizārī. ed. Abattouy, M. and al-Hassani, S. 2013. Matn al-Muẓaffar al-Isfizārī fī ʿilmay al-athqāl wa-l-ḥiyal. Taḥqīq naqdī wa-dirāsa tārīkhiyya li-nuṣūṣ jadīda fī taqlīd al-mīkānīkā al-ʿarabiyya. [The Mechanical Corpus of al-Isfizārī in the Sciences of Weights and Ingenious Devices] London: Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation.
    10) al-Isfizārī. tr. Abattouy, M. and al-Hassani, S. 2015. The Corpus of Al-Isfizārī in the Sciences of Weights and Mechanical Devices: New Arabic Texts in Theoretical and Practical Mechanics from the Early XIIth Century. English Translation and Historical Commentaries. London: Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation.
    11) al-Khāzinī. 1359/1940. Kitāb mīzān al-ḥikma [The Book of the Balance of Wisdom]. Hyderabad: Matbuʿat Daʾirat al-maʿārif al-ʿuthmāniyya. al-Khāzinī. ed., tr. and ann. Bancel, F. L. 2008. Kitāb Mīzān Al-Ḥikma de ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Khāzinī [The Book of the Balance of Wisdom by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Khāzinī]. Carthago: Beït al-Ḥikma.
    12) al-Khwārazmī, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad. ed. van Vloten, G. 19682. Mafātiḥ al-ʿulūm [The Keys of the Sciences]. Leiden: Brill.
    13) al-Murādī, Aḥmad ibn Khalaf. 2008. Kitāb al-asrār fī natāʾij al-afkār [The Book of Secrets in the Results of Ideas]. Milan: Ed. Leonardo3.
    14) Rubruck, W. von. ed. and tr. Herbst, H. 1925. Der Bericht des Franziskaners Wilhelm von Rubruck über seine Reise in das Innere Asiens in den Jahren 1253/1255. Leipzig: Griffel-Verlag.
    15) Thābit ibn Qurra. tr. Wiedemann, E. 1911–1912. “Die Schrift über den Qarastun,” Biblioteca Mathematica 12: 21–39 [German translation of Kitāb fī l-qarastūn by Thābit ibn Qurra].
    16) al-Zubayr. ed. Ḥamīdullāh, M. 1959. Kitāb al-dhakhāʾir wa-l-tuḥaf [The Book of Treasures and Gifts]. Kuwait: Daʾirat al-maṭbuʿāt wa-l-nashr.

    ادبیات پژوهشی
    17) Abattouy, M. 1997. The Arabic Tradition of Mechanics: General Survey and First Account on the Arabic Works on the Balance. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Preprint 76.
    18) Abattouy, M. 2000a. Mechané vs. ḥiyal: Essai d’analyse sémantique et conceptuelle. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Preprint 152.
    19) Abattouy, M. 2000b. Nutaf min al-ḥiyal: An Arabic Partial Version of Pseudo-Aristotle’s Mechanica Problemata. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Preprint 153.
    20) Abattouy, M. 2001. “Greek Mechanics in Arabic Context: Thābit Ibn Qurra, al-Isfizārī and the Arabic Traditions of Aristotelian and Euclidean Mechanics,” Science in Context 14: 179–247.
    21) Abattouy, M. 2002. The Arabic Tradition of the Science of Weights and Balances. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Preprint 227.
    22) Abattouy, M. 2008. “The Arabic Science of Weights (‘Ilm al-Athkāl): Textual Tradition and Significance in the History of Mechanics,” in Calvo, E. et al., eds. A Shared Legacy – Islamic Science East and West. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 83–116.
    23) Abattouy, M. 2016. “The Corpus of Mechanics of al-Isfizārī: Its Structure and Signification in the Context of Arabic Mechanics,” Micrologus 24: 121–69.
    24) al-Hassani, S. T. S. 20123. 1001 Inventions: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Civilization: Official Companion to the 1001 Inventions Exhibition. Washington, DC: National Geographic.
    25) Brentjes, S. and Renn, J. 2016. “Contexts and Content of Thābit ibn Qurra’s (died 288/901) Construction of Knowledge on the Balance,” in Brentjes, S. and Renn, J., eds. Globalization of Knowledge in the Post-Antique Mediterranean, 700–1500. London and New York: Routledge, 67–99. Canavas, C. 2003. “Automaten in Byzanz. Der Thron von Magnaura,” in Grubmüller, K. and Stock, M., eds. Automaten in Kunst und Literatur des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 49–72.
    26) Canavas, C. 2009a. “Automata,” in EI-3, 2009–4: 74–80.
    27) Canavas, C. 2009b. “From Philon of Byzantium to al-Ğazarī: Shifting of Perspective in Dealing with Complexity,” Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on the History of Arabic Science, 28–30 October 2008, Damascus. Aleppo: Aleppo University Publications, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 37–47.
    28) Canavas, C. 2017. “Al-Jazarī’s Compendium of Ingenious Devices: A Model of Representing and Communicating Technical Knowledge in a Medieval Islamicate Context,” in Hilaire-Pérez, L. et al., eds. Le livre technique avant le XXe siècle à l’échelle du monde. Paris: CNRS, 71–82. 128 Automata and balances
    29) Ferriello, G. 1998. Il sapere tecnico-scientifico fra Iran e Occidente, una ricercar nelle fonti. Napoli: Tesi di Dottorato in Studi Iranici, Istituto Universitario Orientale.
    30) Ferriello, G. 2005. “‘The Lifter of Heavy Bodies’ of Heron of Alexandria in the Iranian World,” Nuncius 2: 327–45.
    31) Haase, C.-P. 2010. “Modest Variations – Theoretical Tradition and Practical Innovation in the Mechanical Arts from Antiquity to the Arab Middle Ages,” in Zielinski, S. and Fürlus, E., eds. Variantology 4. Köln: W. König, 195–213.
    32) Hill, D. R. 1981. Arabic Water-Clocks. Aleppo: Institute for the History of Arabic Sciences.
    33) Hill, D. R. 1991. “Arabic Mechanical Engineering. Survey of the Historical Sources,” Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 1: 167–86.
    34) Hill, D. R. 1993. “Mūsā, Banū,” in EI-2, 7: 640a–41a. Lassner, J. 1970. The Topography of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Le Strange, G. 1897. “A Greek Embassy to Baghdad in 917 A.D. Translated from the Arabic MS of al-Khaṭīb in the British Museum Library,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 29: 35–45.
    35) Müller-Wiener, M. 2007. “Vom irdischen Paradies zum höfischen Theater: Islamische Automaten und mechanische Konstruktionen des 9. bis 13. Jahrhunderts,” Eothen, Jahresheft der Gesellschaft der Freunde Islamischer Kunst und Kultur 4: 143–62.
    36) Northedge, A. 2001. “The Palaces of the Abbasids at Samarra,” in Robinson, C. F., ed. A Medieval City Reconsidered. An Interdisciplinary Approach to Samarra. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    37) Schacht, J. 1971. “ḥiyal,” in EI-2, 3: 511a–13a.
    38) Tabaa, Y. 1992. “The Medieval Islamic Garden. Typology and Hydraulics,” in Hunt, J. D., ed. Garden History. Issues, Approaches, Methods. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 303–29.
    39) Vesel, Ž. 1986. Les encyclopédies persanes. Essaie de typologie et de classification de sciences. Tehran and Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations. Wiedemann, E. 1910. “Über die Kenntnisse der Muslime auf dem Gebiet der Mechanik und Hydrostatik,” Archiv für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften 2: 394–8.
    40) Wiedemann, E. 1913–1916a. “Al-Karastūn,” in EI-1, 4: 757–60.
    41) Wiedemann, E. 1913–1916b. “Al-Mīzān,” in EI-1, 5: 530–9.
    42) Zielinski, S. and Weibel, P. eds. 2015. Allah’s Automata: Artifacts of the Arab-Islamic Renaissance (800–1200). Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz.
  •   کلمات کلیدی به فارسی : فناوری، تعادل، دوره اسلامی، دستگاه خودکار.
  •   چکیده مقاله به انگلیسی : The Routledge Handbook on the Sciences of Islamic Societies, edited and overseen by the renowned German author Sonia Brentjes, was compiled and published in 2022. This book presents a comprehensive study on the sciences in the Islamic world from the 8th to the 19th centuries. In this work, a group of expert authors analyzes various fields of intellectual and scientific traditions across a wide range of Islamic societies through institutions such as courts, schools, hospitals, and observatories, as well as entities that encourage scientific activities, including arts and crafts.

    In addition to analyzing the scientific methods of Muslims, the book also covers the scientific approaches of non-Muslim minorities within the Islamic world, which can serve as a valuable resource for those interested in the history of science and thought, social and cultural history, Islamic studies in the Middle East, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Given the importance of practical sciences and technology during the period of Islamic flourishing, I have chosen the article titled "Automation and Balance" (Section 1.9, pp. 113-129) from the Routledge Handbook on the Sciences of Islamic Societies for translation to share with those interested in technology during the Islamic period.
  •   کلمات کلیدی به انگلیسی : technology, balance, Islamic period, automatic device.
  •  صفحات : 85-102
  •   دانلود فایل ( 1.07 MB )